Cardiovascular Risk Assessment of Elevated Blood Pressure for Screening and Early Detection in Children 6 to 9 Years of Age in the Valencian Community: ANIVA Study.

Elevated blood pressure (EBP), hypertension (HT), and prehypertension (PHT), along with the rising prevalence of overweight/obesity in children, correlate with a heightened risk of cardiovascular complications. This study focuses on assessing the prevalence of overweight/obesity and EBP and identifying potential indicators for effective early screening and detection of EBP in children aged 6 to 9 years old. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 1142 students from different schools across the Valencian Community in Spain. Data collection involved administering a questionnaire alongside direct anthropometric measurements of each student. The collected data underwent comprehensive statistical analysis, including frequencies, percentages, means, and chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID) analysis. In the sample, 7.5% of the children had HT and 6.8% had PHT, meaning 14.3% presented with EBP. Additionally, 17.0% of the children were classified as overweight and 3.9% as obese. Body mass index >23.1, body fat percentage >20.79%, and Kidmed scores <8 were identified as potential markers for early detection of EBP. The study reveals a significant incidence of EBP and overweight/obesity. Implementing screening protocols for early detection of EBP is imperative to forestall future cardiovascular events. Moreover, lifestyle modifications emerge as the most crucial approach for managing these risk factors.

Safety and immunogenicity of the protein-based PHH-1V compared to BNT162b2 as a heterologous SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccine in adults vaccinated against COVID-19: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority phase IIb trial.

Background: A SARS-CoV-2 protein-based heterodimer vaccine, PHH-1V, has been shown to be safe and well-tolerated in healthy young adults in a first-in-human, Phase I/IIa study dose-escalation trial. Here, we report the interim results of the Phase IIb HH-2, where the immunogenicity and safety of a heterologous booster with PHH-1V is assessed versus a homologous booster with BNT162b2 at 14, 28 and 98 days after vaccine administration. Methods: The HH-2 study is an ongoing multicentre, randomised, active-controlled, double-blind, non-inferiority Phase IIb trial, where participants 18 years or older who had received two doses of BNT162b2 were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive a booster dose of vaccine-either heterologous (PHH-1V group) or homologous (BNT162b2 group)-in 10 centres in Spain. Eligible subjects were allocated to treatment stratified by age group (18-64 versus ≥65 years) with approximately 10% of the sample enrolled in the older age group. The primary endpoints were humoral immunogenicity measured by changes in levels of neutralizing antibodies (PBNA) against the ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 strain after the PHH-1V or the BNT162b2 boost, and the safety and tolerability of PHH-1V as a boost. The secondary endpoints were to compare changes in levels of neutralizing antibodies against different variants of SARS-CoV-2 and the T-cell responses towards the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein peptides. The exploratory endpoint was to assess the number of subjects with SARS-CoV-2 infections ≥14 days after PHH-1V booster. This study is ongoing and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05142553. Findings: From 15 November 2021, 782 adults were randomly assigned to PHH-1V (n = 522) or BNT162b2 (n = 260) boost vaccine groups. The geometric mean titre (GMT) ratio of neutralizing antibodies on days 14, 28 and 98, shown as BNT162b2 active control versus PHH-1V, was, respectively, 1.68 (p < 0.0001), 1.31 (p = 0.0007) and 0.86 (p = 0.40) for the ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 strain; 0.62 (p < 0.0001), 0.65 (p < 0.0001) and 0.56 (p = 0.003) for the Beta variant; 1.01 (p = 0.92), 0.88 (p = 0.11) and 0.52 (p = 0.0003) for the Delta variant; and 0.59 (p ≤ 0.0001), 0.66 (p < 0.0001) and 0.57 (p = 0.0028) for the Omicron BA.1 variant. Additionally, PHH-1V as a booster dose induced a significant increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells expressing IFN-γ on day 14. There were 458 participants who experienced at least one adverse event (89.3%) in the PHH-1V and 238 (94.4%) in the BNT162b2 group. The most frequent adverse events were injection site pain (79.7% and 89.3%), fatigue (27.5% and 42.1%) and headache (31.2 and 40.1%) for the PHH-1V and the BNT162b2 groups, respectively. A total of 52 COVID-19 cases occurred from day 14 post-vaccination (10.14%) for the PHH-1V group and 30 (11.90%) for the BNT162b2 group (p = 0.45), and none of the subjects developed severe COVID-19. Interpretation: Our interim results from the Phase IIb HH-2 trial show that PHH-1V as a heterologous booster vaccine, when compared to BNT162b2, although it does not reach a non-inferior neutralizing antibody response against the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain at days 14 and 28 after vaccination, it does so at day 98. PHH-1V as a heterologous booster elicits a superior neutralizing antibody response against the previous circulating Beta and the currently circulating Omicron BA.1 SARS-CoV-2 variants in all time points assessed, and for the Delta variant on day 98 as well. Moreover, the PHH-1V boost also induces a strong and balanced T-cell response. Concerning the safety profile, subjects in the PHH-1V group report significantly fewer adverse events than those in the BNT162b2 group, most of mild intensity, and both vaccine groups present comparable COVID-19 breakthrough cases, none of them severe. Funding: HIPRA SCIENTIFIC, S.L.U.

[Cardiovascular preventive recommendations. PAPPS 2022 thematic updates. Working groups of the PAPPS]. / Recomendaciones preventivas cardiovasculares. Actualización PAPPS 2022.

The recommendations of the semFYC's Program for Preventive Activities and Health Promotion (PAPPS) for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are presented. The following sections are included: epidemiological review, where the current morbidity and mortality of CVD in Spain and its evolution as well as the main risk factors are described; cardiovascular (CV) risk and recommendations for the calculation of CV risk; main risk factors such as arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus, describing the method for their diagnosis, therapeutic objectives and recommendations for lifestyle measures and pharmacological treatment; indications for antiplatelet therapy, and recommendations for screening of atrial fibrillation, and recommendations for management of chronic conditions. The quality of testing and the strength of the recommendation are included in the main recommendations.

Characterizing Diagnostic Inertia in Arterial Hypertension With a Gender Perspective in Primary Care.

Background and Objectives: Substantial evidence shows that diagnostic inertia leads to failure to achieve screening and diagnosis objectives for arterial hypertension (AHT). In addition, different studies suggest that the results may differ between men and women. This study aimed to evaluate the differences in diagnostic inertia in women and men attending public primary care centers, to identify potential gender biases in the clinical management of AHT. Study Design/Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive and analytical estimates were obtained nested on an epidemiological ambispective cohort study of patients aged ≥30 years who attended public primary care centers in a Spanish region in the period 2008-2012, belonging to the ESCARVAL-RISK cohort. We applied a consistent operational definition of diagnostic inertia to a registry- reflected population group of 44,221 patients with diagnosed hypertension or meeting the criteria for diagnosis (51.2% women), with a mean age of 63.4 years (62.4 years in men and 64.4 years in women). Results: Of the total population, 95.5% had a diagnosis of hypertension registered in their electronic health record. Another 1,968 patients met the inclusion criteria for diagnostic inertia of hypertension, representing 4.5% of the total population (5% of men and 3.9% of women). The factors significantly associated with inertia were younger age, normal body mass index, elevated total cholesterol, coexistence of diabetes and dyslipidemia, and treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs. Lower inertia was associated with age over 50 years, higher body mass index, normal total cholesterol, no diabetes or dyslipidemia, and treatment with lipid-lowering, antiplatelet, and anticoagulant drugs. The only gender difference in the association of factors with diagnostic inertia was found in waist circumference. Conclusion: In the ESCARVAL-RISK study population presenting registered AHT or meeting the functional diagnostic criteria for AHT, diagnostic inertia appears to be greater in men than in women.

Prevalence of inappropriate prescribing in complex chronic patients: Time trends in a health department of Valencia, Spain (2015-2019).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Inappropriate prescribing (IP) is an important cause of health problems among elderly and complex chronic patients (CCPs). OBJECTIVE: Surveillance of IP prevalence among elderly and CCPs in a health department. IP time trends across the period 2015-2019. METHOD: Descriptive population-based study. SETTING: 'València-Clínic-Malvarrosa' Health Department, Valencia, Spain. PERIOD: 2015-2019. SUBJECTS: Complete set of CCPs in the department, defined by clinical risk groups. Number of CCPs (annual average in the period): 9102 (75% ≥65 years of age). IP was measured using an indicator consisting of 13 specific types of prescriptions defined as inappropriate. ANALYSES: frequencies and time trends, both overall and by specific type. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of IP ranged from 0.276 (2015) to 0.289 (2018) per patient, without time trend. The most frequent inappropriate prescription was type 1: "≥75 years of age with inappropriate medication", which showed a stable rate across the period. Some types of inappropriate prescriptions displayed favourable decreasing time trends, while others showed no change or an unfavourable trend (i.e., joint prescription of absorbents and urinary antispasmodics). CONCLUSIONS: IP prevalence is a serious and persistent problem among the elderly and CCPs, especially in the oldest. It is therefore necessary its continuous surveillance (overall and by specific types of prescription). As well as interventions to optimise prescribing, thus improving the quality and efficiency of care for the elderly and CCPs.

Prevalence of inappropriate prescribing in complex chronic patients: Time trends in a health department of Valencia, Spain (2015–2019) / Prevalencia de prescripción inapropiada en pacientes crónicos complejos: tendencias temporales en un departamento de salud de Valencia, España (2015-2019)

Background and objective: Inappropriate prescribing (IP) is an important cause of health problems among elderly and complex chronic patients (CCPs).Objective: Surveillance of IP prevalence among elderly and CCPs in a health department. IP time trends across the period 2015–2019.Method: Descriptive population-based study. Setting: ‘València-Clínic-Malvarrosa’ Health Department, Valencia, Spain. Period: 2015–2019. Subjects: Complete set of CCPs in the department, defined by clinical risk groups. Number of CCPs (annual average in the period): 9102 (75% ≥65 years of age). IP was measured using an indicator consisting of 13 specific types of prescriptions defined as inappropriate. Analyses: frequencies and time trends, both overall and by specific type.Results: Overall prevalence of IP ranged from 0.276 (2015) to 0.289 (2018) per patient, without time trend. The most frequent inappropriate prescription was type 1: “≥75 years of age with inappropriate medication”, which showed a stable rate across the period. Some types of inappropriate prescriptions displayed favourable decreasing time trends, while others showed no change or an unfavourable trend (i.e., joint prescription of absorbents and urinary antispasmodics).Conclusions: IP prevalence is a serious and persistent problem among the elderly and CCPs, especially in the oldest. It is therefore necessary its continuous surveillance (overall and by specific types of prescription). As well as interventions to optimise prescribing, thus improving the quality and efficiency of care for the elderly and CCPs. (AU)

Antecedentes y objetivo: La prescripción inapropiada (PI) es una importante causa de problemas de salud en las personas mayores y pacientes crónicos complejos (PCC). Objetivo: Monitorizar la prevalencia de PI en personas mayores y PCC, en un departamento de salud. Tendencias temporales de la PI durante 2015-2019.Método: Estudio descriptivo de base poblacional. Lugar: Departamento de Salud «València-Clínic-Malvarrosa», Valencia, España. Periodo: 2015-2019. Sujetos: Conjunto completo de PCC en el Departamento, definidos mediante Clinical Risk Groups. Número de PCC (valor promedio anual en el periodo): 9.102 (75% ≥65 años de edad). La PI se cuantificó mediante un indicador que comprende 13 tipos concretos de prescripciones definidas como inapropiadas. Análisis: frecuencias y tendencia temporal, global y por tipos.Resultados: La prevalencia global de PI osciló entre 0,276 (2015) y 0,289 (2018) por paciente, sin tendencia temporal. El tipo concreto de PI más frecuente fue el 1: «≥75 años con medicación inapropiada», y fue estable en el periodo. Algunos de los tipos inapropiados de prescripción mostraron evolución temporal favorable, descendente; pero en otros no hubo cambios o fue desfavorable (como la prescripción conjunta de absorbentes y antiespasmódicos urinarios).Conclusiones: La prevalencia de la PI constituye un problema importante y persistente en las personas mayores y PCC, especialmente en las de más edad. Es pues necesaria su monitorización continuada (global y por tipos de prescripción), así como intervenciones para optimizar la prescripción, mejorando la calidad y eficiencia de la asistencia a las personas mayores y PCC. (AU)

Gender Differences in the Diagnosis of Dyslipidemia: ESCARVAL-GENERO.

Evidence shows that objectives for detecting and controlling dyslipidemia are not being effectively met, and outcomes differ between men and women. This study aimed to assess gender-related differences in diagnostic inertia around dyslipidemia. This ambispective, epidemiological, cohort registry study included adults who presented to public primary health care centers in a Spanish region from 2008 to 2012, with dyslipidemia and without cardiovascular disease. Diagnostic inertia was defined as the registry of abnormal diagnostic parameters-but no diagnosis-on the person's health record in a window of six months from inclusion. A total of 58,970 patients were included (53.7% women) with a mean age of 58.4 years in women and 57.9 years in men. The 6358 (20.1%) women and 4312 (15.8%) men presenting diagnostic inertia had a similar profile, although in women the magnitude of the association with younger age was larger. Hypertension showed a larger association with diagnostic inertia in women than in men (prevalence ratio 1.81 vs. 1.56). The overall prevalence of diagnostic inertia in dyslipidemia is high, especially in women. Both men and women have a higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Cost of Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Based on Real-World Data: An Observational Population-Based Study in Spain.

This study analyzed the prevalence, costs and economic impact of chronic kidney disease CKD in patients with T2D in a Spanish Health District using real-world data. Observational cross-sectional study in adult patients with T2D was through data extracted from the information systems of the Valencia Clínico-La Malvarrosa Health District in the year 2015. Patients were stratified with the KDIGO classification for CKD. Additionally, patients were assigned to Clinical Risk Groups (CRGs) according to multimorbidity. Direct costs of primary and specialized care, and medication were estimated. The prevalence of T2D in the database population (n = 28,345) was 10.8% (mean age (SD) = 67.8 years (13.9); 51.5% male). Up to 14.935 patients (52.6%) had data on kidney function. According to the KDIGO classification, 66.2% of the patients were at low risk of CKD, 20.6% at moderately increased risk, 7.9% at high risk, and 5.2% at very high risk. The average healthcare costs associated with these four risk groups were EUR 3437, EUR 4936, EUR 5899 and EUR 7389, respectively. The large number of T2D patients with CKD in the early stages of the disease generated a significant increase in direct healthcare costs. The economic impact could be mitigated by early and comprehensive therapeutic approaches.

[Analysis of potentially inappropriate prescriptions according to the START criteria in nursing homes]. / Análisis de las prescripciones potencialmente inadecuadas en centros sociosanitarios según los criterios START.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The potentially inappropriate prescription by omission of a drug is defined as the failure to prescribe drugs that are clinically indicated. The objective of this article is to describe and analyse the evolution of inappropriate prescriptions by omission in nursing homes of a health department. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective observational descriptive study carried out in nursing homes of the Valencia-Clínico-Malvarrosa health department during the period 2016-2018. All institutionalized patients during this period were included. The prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescriptions by omission was assessed based on version 2 of the START criteria. The variables came from the electronic medical records of ambulatory care of the Conselleria de Sanitat (Abucasis). RESULTS: 2251 different patients were selected, mean age of 79,53years, 69% women, and an average of 4,60 chronic drugs/resident. A total of 2647 inappropriate prescriptions by omission were identified during the study period, and the results were similar during these 3years. The most prevalent START criteria were those related to the musculoskeletal system and the cardiovascular system, and those related to analgesic consumption. The mean value of inappropriate prescriptions by omission prevalence for the period studied were 39.54%. CONCLUSION: The results of our study confirm a high prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescriptions by omission in residents of nursing homes, and the maintenance of this prevalence during the 3years of the study.

Descripción de la implantación y grado de desarrollo de tecnología de comunicación e informática de los equipos de Atención Primaria en los servicios autonómicos de salud en España / Description of the implementation and degree of development of primary care telecommunication and information technology in regional health services in Spain

Objetivo: Describir la situación, percepciones y opiniones de los profesionales sanitarios de Atención Primaria (AP) respecto a los sistemas de telecomunicación y telemedicina de este ámbito, así como determinar su grado de satisfacción. Método: Estudio descriptivo observacional transversal realizado en profesionales sanitarios de Atención Primaria mediante un cuestionario autocumplimentado con variables sociodemográficas, características laborales, opiniones y percepciones sobre desarrollo informático, sistemas de información, accesibilidad telemática, seguridad para pacientes y el grado de satisfacción de los profesionales respecto al desarrollo informático. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que se puede acceder a informes de alta hospitalaria y urgencias en el 89,2% (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 86,4-92,0) y 87,2% (IC 95%: 84,2-90,2) de casos, respectivamente. Existe opción de teleconsulta con hospitalaria según un 95,1% de encuestados. Un 38,9% indicó disponer de alertas de recepción de informes de hospital, y el 73,3%, tener accesibilidad telemática para sus pacientes. El 34,8% señaló que no había ninguna mejora en general en las vías de comunicación, y el 51,7% y tampoco veía mejoras en los recursos tecnológicos en general tras la pandemia. Un 13,0% manifestó estar muy insatisfecho y el 27,3% dijo estar insatisfecho con el nivel de desarrollo informático en sistemas de telemedicina y telecomunicación en la AP de su área sanitaria. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los equipos de Atención Primaria de los Servicios Autonómicos disponen de historia clínica compartida con el hospital, mientras que solo una parte cuenta con sistemas de alertas de recepción de informar del ámbito hospitalario. El obligado cambio de la asistencia sanitaria no ha mejorado sustancialmente los recursos tecnológicos tras la pandemia y existe un considerable grado de insatisfacción de los profesionales.(AU)

Objective: To report Primary Care healthcare professionals’ circumstances, insight and points of view in regard to telecommunication systems and telemedicine as well as determine their degree of satisfaction. Method: Descriptive, observational, transversal study performed on primary healthcare professionals by means of a self-completion questionnaire with socio-demographic variables, job characteristics, views and perceptions in regard to IT development, information systems, online accessibility, patient safety and the degree of satisfaction of healthcare professionals with IT development. Results: The results showed that it is possible to access discharge reports from hospitalized patients and from the accident and emergency department in 89.2% (95%CI: 86.4-92.0) and 87.2% (95%CI: 84.2-90.2) of cases, respectively. According to 95.1% of people polled, there is an option for remote consultation with hospital care. A total of 38.9% of survey respondents pointed out that they receive e-notifications of hospital reports and 73.3% claimed to have online access to their patients’ information. A total of 34.8% and 51.7% of clinicians stated that, in general, there was no improvement in communication channels or technological resources after the pandemic, respectively. A total of 13.0% of respondents expressed that they are very unsatisfied and 27.3% unsatisfied with IT development in primary healthcare telemedicine systems and telecommunication in their health area. Conclusion: Most Primary Care healthcare teams in regional health services have access to medical histories shared with hospitals. However, just some of them have electronic notification systems for hospital reports. The mandatory change in healthcare has not substantially improved technological resources after the pandemic and there is a considerable level of dissatisfaction among professionals.(AU)

Gender Inequalities in Diagnostic Inertia around the Three Most Prevalent Cardiovascular Risk Studies: Protocol for a Population-Based Cohort Study.

Evidence shows that objectives for detecting and controlling cardiovascular risk factors are not being effectively met, and moreover, outcomes differ between men and women. This study will assess the gender-related differences in diagnostic inertia around the three most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors: dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, and to evaluate the consequences on cardiovascular disease incidence. This is an epidemiological and cohort study. Eligible patients will be adults who presented to public primary health care centers in a Spanish region from 2008 to 2011, with hypertension, dyslipidemia, or/and diabetes and without cardiovascular disease. Participants' electronic health records will be used to collect the study variables in a window of six months from inclusion. Diagnostic inertia of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and/or diabetes is defined as the registry of abnormal diagnostic parameters-but no diagnosis-on the person's health record. The cohort will be followed from the date of inclusion until the end of 2019. Outcomes will be cardiovascular events, defined as hospital admission due to ischemic cardiopathy, stroke, and death from any cause. The results of this study could inform actions to rectify the structure, organization and training of health care teams in order to correct the inequality.

Hospital admissions trends for severe hypoglycemia in diabetes patients in Spain, 2005 to 2015.

AIMS: To analyze hospital admissions trends, inpatient mortality, and mean length of hospital stay due to hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes in Spain from 2005 to 2015. METHODS: National Institute of Statistics provided information on hospital discharge and mortality. Hospital admissions due to severe hypoglycemia were identified using ICD-9 codes. Age-adjusted admission and mortality rates were stratified by sex and year. Joinpoint regression models were used to estimate trends. RESULTS: Admissions rates per 100,000 population were higher for men than women in 2005 (30.2, 95%CI:29.3, 31.0 versus 21.5, 95%CI:20.9, 22.1) and 2015 (23.7, 95%CI:23.0, 24.4 versus 13.2, 95%CI:12.7, 13.6). Mortality per 100,000 population was also higher for men in both years (2005: 9.4, 95%CI:7.8, 11.0 versus 8.6, 95%CI:7.4, 9.8; 2015: 6.4, 95%CI:5.3, 7.6 versus 4.1, 95%CI:3.3, 4.8). Mortality dropped 5.2 percentage points annually (95%CI:-8.4, -1.9) in men and 7.0 percentage points annually (95%CI:-8.7, -5.2) in women from 2005 to 2015. Mean length of hospital stay changed only for women: 7.8 days (95%CI:7.5, 8.0) to 6.7 days (95%CI:6.4, 6.9). CONCLUSIONS: Hospital admissions and inpatient mortality due to hypoglycemia in diabetes patients decreased from 2005 to 2015. This trend was more pronounced in women. Mean length of hospital stay decreased in women.

Renal function and attributable risk of death and cardiovascular hospitalization in participants with diabetes from a registry-based cohort.

AIMS: To estimate the attributable risk of renal function on all-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospitalization in patients with diabetes. METHODS: A prospective cohort study in 19,469 adults with diabetes, free of cardiovascular disease, attending primary care in Spain (2008-2011). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and other variables were collected and patients were followed to the first hospitalization for coronary or stroke event, or death, until the end of 2012. The cumulative incidence of the study endpoints by eGFR categories was graphically displayed and adjusted population attributable risks (PARs) for low eGFR was calculated. RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 3.2 years and 506 deaths and 1720 hospitalizations were recorded. The cumulative risk for the individual events increased as eGFR levels decreased. The PAR associated with having an eGFR of 60mL/min/1.73m2 or less was 11.4% (95% CI 4.8-18.3) for all-cause mortality, 9.2% (95% CI 5.3-13.4) for coronary heart disease, and 2.6% (95% CI -1.8 to 7.4) for stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced eGFR levels were associated with a larger proportion of avoidable deaths and cardiovascular hospitalizations in people with diabetes compared to previously reported results in people with other cardiovascular risk factors.

The influence of hemoglobin A1c levels on cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in people with diabetes over 70 years of age. A prospective study.

AIM: Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a reliable risk factor of cardiovascular diseases in diabetic patients, but information about this relationship in elderly patients is scarce. The aim of this study is to analyze, the relationship between HbA1c levels and the risk of mayor adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with diabetes over 70 years. METHODS: Prospective study of subjects with diabetes using electronic health records from the universal public health system in the Valencian Community, Spain, 2008-2012. We included men and women aged≥70 years with diabetes who underwent routine health examinations in primary care. Primary endpoint was the incidence of MACE: all-cause mortality and/or hospital admission due to coronary heart disease or stroke. A standard Cox and Cox-Aalen models were adjusted. RESULTS: 5016 subjects were included whit a mean age of 75.1 years (46.7% men). During an average follow-up of 49 months (4.1 years), 807 (16.1%) MACE were recorded. The incidence of MACE was 20.6 per 1000-person-years. Variables significantly associated to the incidence of MACE were male gender (HR: 1.61), heart failure (HR: 2.26), antiplatelet therapy (HR: 1.39), oral antidiabetic treatment (HR: 0.74), antithrombotics (HR: 1.79), while age, creatinine, HbA1c and peripheral arterial disease were time-depend associated variables. CONCLUSION: These results highlights the importance of HbA1c level in the incidence of cardiovascular events in older diabetic patients.

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Call of Attention to Nephrologists.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESKD), and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes. Despite advances in the nephroprotective treatment of T2DM, DKD remains the most common complication, driving the need for renal replacement therapies (RRT) worldwide, and its incidence is increasing. Until recently, prevention of DKD progression was based around strict blood pressure (BP) control, using renin-angiotensin system blockers that simultaneously reduce BP and proteinuria, adequate glycemic control and control of cardiovascular risk factors. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are a new class of anti-hyperglycemic drugs shown to improve cardiovascular and renal events in DKD. In this regard, GLP-1RA offer the potential for adequate glycemic control in multiple stages of DKD without an increased risk of hypoglycemia, preventing the onset of macroalbuminuria and slowing the decline of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in diabetic patients, also bringing additional benefit in weight reduction, cardiovascular and other kidney outcomes. Results from ongoing trials are pending to assess the impact of GLP-1RA treatments on primary kidney endpoints in DKD.

A new risk score to assess atrial fibrillation risk in hypertensive patients (ESCARVAL-RISK Project.

This study aimed to assess atrial fibrillation (AF) incidence and predictive factors in hypertensive patients and to formulate an AF risk assessment score that can be used to identify the patients most likely to develop AF. This was a cohort study of patients recruited in primary healthcare centers. Patients aged 40 years or older with hypertension, free of AF and with no previous cardiovascular events were included. Patients attended annual visits according to clinical practice until the end of study or onset of AF. The association between AF incidence and explanatory variables (age, sex, body mass index, medical history and other) was analyzed. Finally, 12,206 patients were included (52.6% men, and mean age was 64.9 years); the mean follow-up was 36.7 months, and 394 (3.2%) patients were diagnosed with AF. The incidence of AF was 10.5/1000 person-years. Age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.06 per year; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.08), male sex (HR 1.88; 95% CI 1.53-2.31), obesity (HR 2.57; 95% CI 1.70-3.90), and heart failure (HR 2.44; 95% CI 1.45-4.11) were independent predictors (p < 0.001). We propose a risk score based on significant predictors, which enables the identification of people with hypertension who are at the greatest risk of AF.

[Cardiovascular preventive recommendations. PAPPS 2020 update]. / Recomendaciones preventivas cardiovasculares. Actualización PAPPS 2020.

The recommendations of the semFYC's Program for Preventive Activities and Health Promotion (PAPPS) for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are presented. The following sections are included: Epidemiological review, where the current morbidity and mortality of CVD in Spain and its evolution as well as the main risk factors are described; Cardiovascular (CV) risk tables and recommendations for the calculation of CV risk; Main risk factors such as arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus, describing the method for their diagnosis, therapeutic objectives and recommendations for lifestyle measures and pharmacological treatment; Indications for antiplatelet therapy, and recommendations for screening of atrial fibrillation. The quality of testing and the strength of the recommendation are included in the main recommendations.

Predictive validity of the risk SCORE model in a Mediterranean population with dyslipidemia.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cholesterol treatment for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease is based on cardiovascular risk, as assessed by the SCORE (Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation) scale. This study aimed to assess the predictive value and clinical utility of the SCORE scale for preventing cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in people with dyslipidemia and no lipid-lowering treatment. METHODS: Patients with dyslipidemia and no lipid-lowering treatment were included from the ESCARVAL-RISK cohort. Cardiovascular risk was calculated by means of the SCORE scale. All deaths and cardiovascular events were recorded for up to five years of follow-up. We calculated sensitivity, specificity and other predictive values for different cut-off points and assessed the effect of different risk factors on the diagnostic accuracy of the SCORE charts. RESULTS: In the final cohort of 18,853 patients, there were 1565 cardiovascular events and 268 deaths. The risk value recommended to initiate pharmacological treatment (5%) presented a specificity of 86% for death and 90% for cardiovascular events, and a sensitivity of 53% for death and 32% for cardiovascular events. In addition, the scale classified as low risk 62.8% of the patients who suffered a cardiovascular event and 46.6% of those who died. Antithrombotic treatment, diabetes, hypertension, heart failure, peripheral artery disease and chronic kidney disease were associated with a reduction in the predictive capability of the SCORE scale, whereas metabolic syndrome was related to better risk prediction. CONCLUSIONS: The predictive capability of the SCORE scale for cardiovascular disease and total mortality in patients with dyslipidemia is limited.

Manejo de la hiperglucemia con fármacos no insulínicos en pacientes adultos con diabetes tipo 2 / Management of hyperglycaemia with non-insulin drugs in adult patients with type 2 diabetes

El adecuado tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) incluye la alimentación saludable y el ejercicio (150 min/semana) como pilares básicos. Para el tratamiento farmacológico, la metformina es el fármaco de elección inicial, salvo contraindicación o intolerancia; en caso de mal control, se dispone de 8 familias terapéuticas (6 orales y 2 inyectables) como posibles combinaciones. Se presenta un algoritmo y unas recomendaciones para el tratamiento de la DM2. En prevención secundaria cardiovascular se recomienda asociar un inhibidor del cotransportador sodio-glucosa tipo2 (iSGLT2) o un agonista del receptor de glucagon-like peptide-1 (arGLP1) en pacientes con obesidad. En prevención primaria, si el paciente presenta obesidad o sobrepeso la metformina deberá combinarse con iSGLT2, arGLP1 o inhibidores de la dipeptidilpeptidasa tipo 4 (iDPP4). Si el paciente no presenta obesidad, podrán emplearse los iDPP4, los iSGLT2 o la gliclazida, sulfonilurea recomendada por su menor tendencia a la hipoglucemia

Treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) includes healthy eating and exercise (150 minutes/week) as basic pillars. For pharmacological treatment, metformin is the initial drug except contraindication or intolerance; in case of poor control, 8 therapeutic families are available (6 oral and 2 injectable) as possible combinations. An algorithm and some recommendations for the treatment of DM2 are presented. In secondary cardiovascular prevention, it is recommended to associate an inhibitor of the sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (iSGLT2) or a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (arGLP1) in patients with obesity. In primary prevention if the patient is obese or overweight metformin should be combined with iSGLT2, arGLP1, or inhibitors of type 4 dipeptidylpeptidase (iDPP4). If the patient does not present obesity, iDPP4, iSGLT2 or gliclazide, sulfonylurea, recommended due to its lower tendency to hypoglycaemia, may be used